Kenya's economy is the largest in eastern and central Africa, with Nairobi serving as a major regional commercial hub. With a GNI of 1,840, Kenya is a lower-middle-income economy. Kenya is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, COMESA, International Criminal Court, and other international organisations. Kenya is a presidential representative democratic republic, in which elected officials represent the people and the president is the head of state and government.
The current constitution was adopted in 2010 to replace the 1963 independence constitution. After independence, Kenya remained a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution, which began in 1952, and the declaration of independence in 1963. Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony, which began in 1920. European contact began in 1500 AD with the Portuguese Empire, and effective colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior. Bantu people settled at the coast and the interior between 250 BC and 500 AD. Nilotic-speaking pastoralists (ancestral to Kenya's Nilotic speakers) began migrating from present-day South Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC. According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material, Cushitic speakers first settled in Kenya's lowlands between 3,200 and 1,300 BC, a phase known as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Kenya's earliest inhabitants were hunter-gatherers, like the present-day Hadza people.
Its geography, climate and population vary widely, ranging from cold snow-capped mountaintops (Batian, Nelion and Point Lenana on Mount Kenya) with vast surrounding forests, wildlife and fertile agricultural regions to temperate climates in western and rift valley counties and dry less fertile arid and semi-arid areas and absolute deserts ( Chalbi Desert and Nyiri Desert). Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest, Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the east, Uganda to the west, Tanzania to the south, and the Indian Ocean to the southeast. As of 2020, Kenya is the third-largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa after Nigeria and South Africa. Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret. Kisumu City is the third-largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi, while its oldest, currently second largest city, and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa. With a population of more than 47.6 million in the 2019 census, Kenya is the 29th most populous country in the world. At 580,367 square kilometres (224,081 sq mi), Kenya is the world's 48th largest country by area. Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili: Jamhuri ya Kenya), is a country in Eastern Africa. According to the CIA, estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of mortality because of AIDS this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex, than would otherwise be expected.
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